EFS-PRO Hydration Drink
PROFESSIONAL STRENGTH HYDRATION MIX
Exp date 10/31/23
Engineered to meet the unparalleled requirements of professional athletes. EFS-PRO utilizes Optimal Absorption Technology to deliver more carbohydrates, electrolytes, and other essential nutrients without causing GI distress.
✓Maximizes performance in the most-demanding conditions
✓Delivers more carbohydrates without GI distress
✓Industry leading cramp & dehydration prevention
I recommend EFS Pro over any other fuel source
"My energy levels remain static and strong. I have never had any nausea with EFS. The Sour Watermelon flavor is the icing on a very good cookie"
Hot Weather Rockstar
"EFS-PRO has been my go-to for long, hot races such as Unbound 200 and SBTGRVL."
Best hydration mix for Cramping
"My new favorite hydration product. Can't find a better combination of electrolyte concentrations, flavor, digestibility, and price. Especially love the L-Theanine to help with
that mental toughness."
Best tasting sport drink & works!
"It has plenty of electrolytes/sodium so you don't need additional salt. The best part - this drink is not overly sweet."



ALANINE-GLUTAMINE
Provides intestinal cells with fuel, especially in hypoxic conditions. Protects gut and gastrointestinal immune health during exercise. Triggers anti-stress responses to heat shock.
Natural Sources Found in small amounts in most cells
Forms L-Alanine attached to L-Glutamine as a dipeptide
Supplier Kyowa Hakko USA Inc. and additional suppliers
Relevant Literature
Hoffman JR, Ratamess NA, Kang J, Rashti SL, Kelly N, Gonzalez AM, Stec M, Anderson S, Bailey BL, Yamamoto LM, Horn LL, Kupchak BR, Faigenbaum AD, Maresh CM. Examination of the efficacy of acute L-alanyl-L-glutamine ingestion during hydration stress in endurance exercise. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2010 Feb3;7:8.
Hoffman JR, Ratamess NA, Kang J, Rashti SL, Kelly N, Gonzalez AM, Stec M, Anderson S, Bailey BL, Yamamoto LM, Horn LL, Kupchak BR, Maresh CM. Acute L-alanyl-L-glutamine ingestion during short duration, high intensity exercise and a mild hydration stress. Kinesiology. 2011;43(2):107-14.
Hoffman JR, Williams DR, Emerson NS, Hoffman MW, Wells AJ, McVeigh DM, McCormack WP; Mangine GT, Gonzalez AM, Fragala MS. L-alanyl-L-glutamine ingestion maintains performance during a competitive basketball game. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2012 Mar7;79(1):8.
McCormack W. Effect of acute L-alanyl-L-glutamine (sustamine) and electrolyte ingestion on plasma electrolytes, physiologic measures, and neuromuscular fatigue during endurance exercise. Electronic These and Dissertations, 2014;2004-2019: pp.1-85.
McCormack WP, Hoffman JR, Pruna GJ, Jajtner AR, Townsend JR, Stout JR, Fragala MS, Fukuda DH. Effects of l-alanyl-l-glutamine ingestion n one-hour run performance. J Am Coll Nutr. 2015;34(6):488-96.


BRANCHED CHAIN AMINO ACIDS (BCAAS)
Promotes long-duration exercise performance and recovery with less fatigue. Triggers upregulation of the TCA cycle for energy production. Slows the degradation of L-glutamine. Replenishes rapidly decreasing BCAA levels during exercise.
Natural Sources Dietary Protein Sources (Especially Whey Protein)
Forms Instaminos® L-Leucine, L-Isoleucine, L-Valine (2:1:1 ratio)
Supplier Compound Solutions
Relevant Literature
Blomstrand E. Amino acids and central fatigue. Amino Acids. 2001;20(1):25-34.
Blomstrand E, Hassmen P, Ek S, Ekblom B, Newsholme EA. Influence of ingesting a solution of branched-chain amino acids on perceived exertion during exercise. Acta Physiol Scand. 1997 Jan;159(1):41-9.
Gervasi M, Sisti D, Amatori S, Zeppa SD, Annibalini G, Piccoli G, Vallorani L, Benelli P, Rocchi MBL, Barbieri E, Calavalle AR, Agostini D, Fimognari C, Stocchi V, Sestili P. Effects of a commercially available branched-chain amino acid-alanine-carbohydrate-based sports supplement on perceived exertion and performance in high intensity endurance cycling tests. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2020 Jan20;17(1):6.
Stander Z, Luies L, Mienie LJ, Keane KM, Howatson G, Clifford T, Stevenson EJ, Loots DT. The altered human serum metabolome induced by a marathon. Metabolomics. 2018 Nov3;14(11):150.
Stander Z, Luies L, Mienie LJ, Van Reenen M, Howatson G, Keane KM, Clifford T, Stevenson EJ, Loots DT. The unaided recovery of marathon-induced serum metabolome alterations. Sci Rep. 2020 Jul6;19(1):11060.



CALCIUM
Required for muscle contraction. Triggers many cellular functions during exercise. Usually not present in water, sports drinks, multivitamins or other supplements used by exercisers.
Natural Sources Formed during digestion with soluble calcium ions in presence of malic acid. Small amounts are in cells throughout food sources.
Forms Dicalcium Malate Dihydroxide
Supplier Balchem® Albion® DimaCal®
Relevant Literature
Brini M, Cali T, Ottolini D, Carafoli E. The plasma membrane calcium pump in health and disease. FEBS J. 2013 Nov;280(21):5385-97.
Brouns F, Kovacs EM, Senden JM. The effect of different rehydration drinks on post-exercise electrolyte excretion in trained athletes. Int J Sports Med. 1998 Jan;19(1):56-60.
Lamb GD. Excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal muscle: comparisons with cardiac muscle. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2000 Mar;27(3):216-24.
Leppik JA, Aughey RJ, Medved I, Fairweather I, Carey MF, McKenna MJ. Prolonged exercise to fatigue in humans impairs skeletal muscle Na+-K+-ATPase activity, sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release, and Ca2+ uptake. J Appl Physiol. 2004 Oct;97(4):1414-23.
PubChem. Dicalcium malate dihydroxde. National Center for Biotechnology Information. National Library of Medicine. National Institutes of Health. 2023.


CHLORIDE
Necessary to reap benefits of sodium. Decreases gastric intolerance from high sodium intakes, not seen with high intakes of chloride-free sodium salts.
Natural Sources N/A
Forms Evaporated Salt
Supplier Cargill
Relevant Literature
Burke LM, Castell LM, Casa DJ, Close GL, Costa RJS, Desbrow B, Halson SL, Lis DM, Melin AK, Peeling P, Saunders PU, Slater GJ, Sygo J, Witard OC, Bermon S, Stellingwerff T. International Association of Athletics federations Consensus Statement 2019: nutrition for athletics. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2019 Mar1:29(2):73-84.
Kerksick CM, Wilborn CD, Roberts MD, Smith-Ryan A, Kleiner SM, Jager R, Collins R, Cooke M, Davis JN, Galvan E, Greenwood M, Lowery LM, Wildman R, Antonio J, Kreider RB. ISSN exercise & sports review update: research & recommendations. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2018 Aug1;15(1):38.
Lipman GS, Burns P, Phillips C, Jensen J, Little C, Jurkiewicz C, Jarrett B, Walker A, Mansfield N, Krabak BJ. Effect of sodium supplements and climate on dysnatremia during ultramarathon running. Clin J Sport Med. 2020 Feb24; doi: 10.1097/JSM.0000000000000832.
McCubbin AJ, Allanson BA, Caldwell Odgers JN, Cort MM, Costa RJS, Cox GR, Crawshay ST, Desbrow B, Freney EG, Gaskell SK, Hughes D, Irwin C, Ollie J, Lalor BJ, Ross MLR, Shaw G, Periard JD, Burke LM. Sports Dietitians Australia Position Statement: nutrition for exercise in hot environments. Int J Sports Nutr Exer Metab. 2020 Dec31;1-16.
Tiller NB, Roberts JD, Beasley L, Chapman S, Pinto JM, Smith L, Wiffin M, Russell M, Sparks SA, Duckworth L, O’Hara J, Sutton L, Antonio J, Willoughby DS, Tarpey MD, Smith-Ryan AE, Ormsbee MJ, Astorino TA, Kreider RB, McGinnis GR, Stout JR, Smith JEW, Arent SM, Campbell BI, Bannock L. International Society of sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2019 Nov7;16(1):50.

CITRIC ACID
Major metabolite for aerobic respiration (energy production). Enhances flavors and palatability. Regulates pH (buffering acidity). Helps mixtures of nutrients mix, taste, dissolve, and suspend better.
Natural Sources Fruits and Juices
Forms Citric Acid Anhydrous Powder (2-Hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic Acid)
Supplier Cargill
Relevant Literature
Gauthier AC, Guimaraes RF, Namiranian K, Drapeau V, Mathieu ME. Effect of physical exercise on taste perceptions: a systematic review. Nutrients. 2020 Sep9;12(9):2741.
Gibala MJ, Young ME, Taegtmeyer. Anaplerosis of the citric acid cycle: role in energy metabolism of heart and skeletal muscle. Acta Physiol Scand. 2000 Apr;168(4):657-65.
Greenleaf JE, Looft-Wilson R, Wisherd JL, McKenzie MA, Jensen CD, Whittam JH. Pre-exercise hypervolemia and cycle ergometer endurance in men. Biol Sport. 1997;14(2):103-14.
PubChem. Citric Acid. National Center for Biotechnology Information. National Library of Medicine. National Institutes of Health. 2023.
San-Millan I, Stefanoni D, Martinez JL, Hansen KC, D’Alessandro A, Nemkov T. Metabolomics of endurance capacity on World Tour professional cyclists. Front Physiol. 2020 Jun5;11:578.



CYCLIC CLUSTER DEXTRIN
Increases exercise performance compared to other carbohydrates. Reduces perceived exertion. Speeds gastric emptying of glucose polymer. Improves gastric tolerability compared to other starches and sugars.
Natural Sources Common in many food stuffs. Cyclic alpha-glucans are produced during starch digestion.
Forms Alpha-(1,4)/alpha-(1/6) partially enzymatically degraded waxy maize starch (Highly-Branched Cluster Dextrins, Cluster Dextrin, HBCD, CCD, Amylodextrin)
Supplier Glico Nutrition Co., Ltd.
Relevant Literature
Furuyashiki T, Tanimoto H, Yokoyama Y, Kitaura Y, Kuriki T, Shimomura Y. Effects of ingesting highly branched cyclic dextrin during endurance exercise on rating of perceived exertion and blood components associated with energy metabolism. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2014;78(12):2117-9.
Health Canada. Novel Food Information – Cluster dextrin®, CCD® (cyclic dextrin, highly branched). https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/food-nutrition/genetically-modified-foods-other-novel-foods/approved-products/novel-food-information-cluster-dextrin-cyclic-dextrin-highly-branched.html, 2015-04-21.
Shiraki T, Kometani T, Yoshitani K, Takata H, Nomura T. Evaluation of exercise performance with the intake of Highly Branched Cyclic Dextrin in athletes. Food Sci Tech Res. 2015;21(3):499-502.
Suzuki K, Shiraishi K, Yoshitani K, Sugama K, Kometani T. Effect of a sports drink based on highly-branched cyclic dextrin on cytokine responses to exhaustive endurance exercise. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2014;54(5):622- 630.
Takii H, Takahashi K, Nishimura T, Kuriki T, Fushiki T. A sports drink based on highly branched cyclic dextrin generates few gastrointestinal disorders in untrained men during bicycle exercise. Food Sci Technol Res. 2004;10(4):428-31.
Takii H, Takii Nagao Y, Kometani T, Nishimura T, Nakae T, Kriki T, Fushiki T. Fluids containing a highly branched cyclic dextrin influence the gastric emptying rate. Int J Sport Med. 2005 May;26(4):314-9.
Wilburn D, Machek S, Ismaeel A. Highly branched cyclic dextrin and its ergogenic effects in athletes: a brief review. J Exerc Nutr. 2021;4(3):15-24.


GABA
Balances brain neurotransmitters. Reduces anxiety and fatigue. Improves control over mental processes. Signals brain and metabolic organs (muscle, liver) from the GI tract to communicate carbohydrate availability.
Natural Sources Fermented Foods, Sprouted Grains, Brown Rice Germ, Spinach
Forms PharmaGABA® (Gamma Aminobutyric acid from proprietary fermentation with Lactobacillus hilgardii K-3)
Supplier Pharma Foods International via Mitsubishi International Food Ingredients
Relevant Literature
Abdou AM, Higsshiguchi S, Horie K, Kim M, Hatta H, YoKogoshi H. Relaxation and immunity enhancement effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) administration in humans. Biofactors. 2006;26(3):201-8.
Bergink V, van Megen HJGM, Westenberg HGM. Glutamate and anxiety. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2004 May;14(3):175-83.
Cona G, Cavazzana A, Paoli A, Marcolin G, Grainer A, Bisiacchi PS. It’s a matter of mind! Cognitive functioning predicts the athletic performance in ultra-marathon runners. PLoS One. 2015 Jul14;10(7):e0132943.
Inotsuka R, Uchimura K, Yamatsu A, Kim M, Katakura Y. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) activates neuronal cells by inducing the secretion of exosomes from intestinal cells. Food Funct. 2020 Oct21;11(10):9285-90.
Rashmi D, Zanan R, John S, Khandagale K, Nadaf A. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA): biosynthesis, role, commercial production, and applications, Ch 13 in Studies in Natural Products in Chemistry, Vol. 57, Atta-ur-Rahman, Ed., Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2018, pp.413-52.



GLUCOSE
Preferred, primary fuel for cellular energy production (ATP) and endurance exercise performance. Primary precursor for muscle and liver glycogen synthesis. Aids exercise recovery. Affects metabolic pathways such as insulin release and regulating fat synthesis. Crucial for brain function.
Natural Sources Non-Fiber Carbohydrates, Sucrose, Galactose
Forms Dextrose, D-Glucopyranose, Blood Sugar; Glc
Supplier Ingredion
Relevant Literature
Burke LM, Maughan RJ. The Governor has a sweet tooth – mouth sensing of nutrients to enhance sports performance. Eur J Sport Sci. 2015;15(1):29-40.
Podlogar T, Wallis GA. New horizons in carbohydrate research and application for endurance athletes. Sports Med. 2022;52(Suppl 1):5-23.
PubChem. D-Glucose. National Center for Biotechnology Information. National Library of Medicine. National Institutes of Health. 2023.
Rollo I, Williams C. Effect of mouth-rinsing carbohydrate solution on endurance performance. Sports Med. 2011 Jun1;41(6):449-61.
Tiller NB, Roberts JD, Beasley L, Chapman S, Pinto JM, Smith L, Wiffin M, Russell M, Sparks SA, Duckworth L, O’Hara J, Sutton L, Antonio J, Willoughby DS, Tarpey MD, Smith-Ryan AE, Ormsbee MJ, Astorino TA, Kreider RB, McGinnis GR, Stout JR, Smith JEW, Arent SM, Campbell BI, Bannock L. International Society of sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2019 Nov7;16(1):50.



MALTODEXTRIN
Preferred, primary fuel for cellular energy production (ATP) and endurance exercise performance. Primary precursor for muscle and liver glycogen synthesis. Aids exercise recovery. Affects metabolic pathways, insulin release, and fat synthesis.
Natural Sources Starches in Grains, Corn, Vegetables, and Flour
Forms Glucose Polymers with Chain Length 2-40+ Glucose Units (Maltodextrin, Dextrin, Polydextrose, Modified Starch, Hydrolyzed Amylose)
Supplier Chicago Sweeteners, Ingredion
Relevant Literature
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA); Turck D, Bresson JL, Burlingame B, Dean T, Fairweather-Tait S, Heinonen M, Hirsch-Ernst KI, Mangelsdorf I, McArdle HJ, Naska A, Neuhäuser-Berthold M, Nowicka G, Pentieva K, Sanz Y, Sjödin A, Stern M, Tomé D, Van Loveren H, Vinceti M, Willatts P, Martin A, Strain SJ, Siani A. Carbohydrate solutions and contribute to the improvement of physical performance during a high-intensity and long-lasting physical exercise: evaluation of a health claim pursuant to Article 13(5) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA J. 2018 Mar13;16(3):e05191.
Francescato MP, Puntel I. Does a pre-exercise carbohydrate feeding improve a 20-km cross-country ski performance? J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2006 Jun;46(2):248-56.
Hansen EA, Emanuelsen A, Gertsen RM, Sorensen S. Improved marathon performance by in-race nutritional strategy intervention. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2014 Dec;24(6):645-55.
Hartley C, Carr A, Bowe SJ, Bredie WLP, Keast RSJ. Maltodextrin-based carbohydrate oral rinsing and exercise performance: systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2022 Aug;52(8):1833-62.
Malone JJ, Hulton AT, MacLaren DPM. Exogenous carbohydrate and regulation of muscle carbohydrate utilization during exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2021 May;121(50;1255-69.



Glutamine
The most plentiful amino acid in your body, muscles, and bloodstream. Major energy source for immune, intestinal, and muscle cells. Aids cellular hydration. Supports exercise recovery.
Natural Sources Uncooked Proteins
Forms L-Glutamine
Supplier Prinova
Relevant Literature
Chantler S, Griffiths A, Matu J, Davison G, Holliday A, Jones B. A systematic review: role of dietary supplements on markers of exercise-associated gut damage and permeability. PLoS ONE. 2022 Apr13;17(4):e0266379.
Cruzat V, Rogero MM, Keane KN, Curi R, Nesholme P. Glutamine: metabolism and immune function, supplementation and clinical translation. Nutrients. 2020 Oct23;10(11):1564.
Ma S, Ono M, Mizugaki A, Kato H, Miyashita M, Suzuki K. Cystine/glutamine mixture supplementation attenuated fatigue during endurance exercise in healthy young men by enhancing fatty acid utilization. Sports (Basel). 2022 Sep27;10(10):147.
Newsholme P, Diniz VLS, Dodd GT, Cruzat V. Glutamine metabolism and optimal immune and CNS function. Proc Nutr Soc. 2022 Oct26;1-10.
Wilson P. Sport supplements and the athlete’s gut: a review. Int J Sport Med. 2022 Sep;43(10):840-9.

MAGNESIUM
Addresses common athlete deficiency. Prevents cramps. Chelate form reduces GI distress.
Natural Sources Formed During Digestion with Soluble Magnesium Ions in Presence of Malic Acid
Forms Dimagnesiumhydroxymalate
Supplier Balchem®, Albion®
Relevant Literature
Cameron D, Welch AA, Adelnia F, Bergeron CM, Reiter DA, Dominguez LJ, Brennan NA, Fishbein KW, Spencer RG, Ferrucci L. Age and muscle function are more closely associated with intracellular magnesium, as assessed by 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy, than with serum magnesium. Front Physiol. 2019 Nov27;10:1454.
Kisters K, Grober U, Adamietz I. Magnesium: the mitochondrial blockbuster in competitive sports. Vitam Miner. 2019;8:1.
Laries MJ, Monteiro CP, Matias CN, Santos DA, Silva AM, Nicho M. Magnesium status and exercise performance in athletes. Trace Elem Electrolytes. 2014;31(1):13-20.
Weiss D, Brunk DK, Goodman DA. Scottsdale Magnesium Study: absorption, cellular uptake, and clinical effectiveness of a timed-release magnesium supplement in a standard adult clinical population. J Am Coll Nutr. 2018 May-Jun;37(4):316-27.
Zhang Y, Xun P, Wang R, Mao L, He K. Can magnesium enhance exercise performance? Nutrients. 2017 Aug28;9(9):946.

MALATES & MALIC ACID
Major metabolite for energy production via aerobic respiration. Adds sour, tart flavor and buffers acidity. Chelates calcium and magnesium for better uptake and GI tolerability.
Natural Sources Whole Foods, Fruits and Vegetables
Forms DL-Malic Acid
Supplier Tate & Lyle
Relevant Literature
Borst P. The malate-aspartate shuttle (Borst cycle): how it started and developed into a major metabolic pathway. IUBMB Life. 2020 Nov;2241-59.
Hu C, Hone M, Plomgaard P, Hansen JS, Zhao X, Li J, Wang X, Clemmensen JO, Secher NH, Haring HU, Lehmann R, Xu G, Weigert C. Muscle-liver substrate fluxes in exercising humans and potential effects on hepatic metabolism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020 Apr1;105(4):1196-209.
PubChem. Malic acid. National Center for Biotechnology Information. National Library of Medicine. National Institutes of Health. 2023.
Schranner D, Kastenmuller G, Schonfelder M, Romisch-Margl W, Wackerhage H. Metabolite concentration changes in humans after a bout of exercise: a systematic review of exercise metabolomics studies. Sports Med Open. 2020 Feb10;6(1):11.
Tyka AK, Chwastowski M, Cison T, Palka T, Tyka A, Szygula Z, Pilch W, Strzala M, Cepero M. Effect of creatine malate supplementation on physical performance, body composition and selected hormone levels in sprinters and long-distance runners. Acta Physiol Hung. 2015 Mar;102(1):114-22.



POTASSIUM
Regulates muscle contraction and nervous system activity. Addresses deficiency suffered by 95% of the US population. Balances electrolyte levels during exercise.
Natural Sources Fruits and Vegetables
Forms Dipotassium Phosphate Food Grade
Supplier Budenheim
Relevant Literature
Clausen T. Na+-K+ pump regulation and skeletal muscle contractility. Physiol Rev. 2003 Oct;83(4):1269-324.
DGAC (Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee). Report of the 2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee. Part E. Section 2. Supplementary documentation to the 2015 DGAC Report. Appendix E-2.1: Usual intake distributions, 2007-2010, by age/gender groups, 2019.
Lindinger MI, Cairns SP. Regulation of muscle potassium: exercise performance, fatigue and health implications. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2021 Mar;121(3):721-48.
McKenna MJ, Bangsbo J, Renaud JM. Muscle K+, Na+ and Cl disturbances and Na+-K+ pump inactivation: implications for fatigue. J Appl Physiol. 2008 Jan;104(1):288-95.
Singh A, Evans P, Gallagher KL, Deuster PA. Dietary intakes and biochemical profiles of nutritional status of ultramarathoners. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1993 Mar;25(3):328-34.


SODIUM
Maintains tolerability to heat. Prevents sweat loss of sodium. Maintains plasma volume. Improves exercise recovery. Decreases urine output. Increases benefits with co-ingestion of other electrolytes. More effective than other sodium salts.
Natural Sources Salt
Forms Evaporated Salt
Supplier Cargill, United Salt Corporation, Westco
Relevant Literature
Del Coso J, Gonzalez-Millan C, Salinero JJ, Abian-Vicen J, Areces F, Lledo M, Lara B, Gallo-Salazar C, Ruiz-Vincente D. Effects of oral salt supplementation on physical performance during a half-ironman: a randomized controlled trial. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2016 Feb;26(2):156-64.
Kerksick CM, Wilborn CD, Roberts MD, Smith-Ryan A, Kleiner SM, Jager R, Collins R, Cooke M, Davis JN, Galvan E, Greenwood M, Lowery LM, Wildman R, Antonio J, Kreider RB. ISSN exercise & sports review update: research & recommendations. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2018 Aug1;15(1):38.
Lipman GS, Burns P, Phillips C, Jensen J, Little C, Jurkiewicz C, Jarrett B, Walker A, Mansfield N, Krabak BJ. Effect of sodium supplements and climate on dysnatremia during ultramarathon running. Clin J Sport Med. 2020 Feb24; doi: 10.1097/JSM.0000000000000832.
McCubbin AJ, Allanson BA, Caldwell Odgers JN, Cort MM, Costa RJS, Cox GR, Crawshay ST, Desbrow B, Freney EG, Gaskell SK, Hughes D, Irwin C, Ollie J, Lalor BJ, Ross MLR, Shaw G, Periard JD, Burke LM. Sports Dietitians Australia Position Statement: nutrition for exercise in hot environments. Int J Sports Nutr Exer Metab. 2020 Dec31;1-16.
Tiller NB, Roberts JD, Beasley L, Chapman S, Pinto JM, Smith L, Wiffin M, Russell M, Sparks SA, Duckworth L, O’Hara J, Sutton L, Antonio J, Willoughby DS, Tarpey MD, Smith-Ryan AE, Ormsbee MJ, Astorino TA, Kreider RB, McGinnis GR, Stout JR, Smith JEW, Arent SM, Campbell BI, Bannock L. International Society of sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2019 Nov7;16(1):50.

STEVIA EXTRACT (Stevia, Stevia rebaudia (leaf))
Natural sweetener. Encourages intake. Reduces amount of sweetener required. Does not affect blood glucose or insulin levels.
Natural Sources Stevia Leaves (Stevia Rebaudiensis)
Forms Stevia Rebaudioside Extracts
Supplier Proprietary
Relevant Literature
Lei P, Chen H, Ma J, Fang Y, Qu L, Yang Q, Peng B, Zhang X, Jin L, Sun D. Research progress on extraction technology and biomedical function of natural sugar substitutes. Front Nutr. 2022 Aug3;9:952147.
Schiatti-Sisó IP, Quintana SE, García-Zapateiro LA. Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana) as a common sugar substitute and its application in food matrices: an updated review. J Food Sci Technol. 2022 Mar2, preprint.
Soejarta DD, Addo EM, Kinghorn AD. Highly sweet compounds of plant origin: from ethnobotanical observations to wide utilization. J Ethnopharmacol. 2019 Oct28;243:112056.
Tey SL, Salleh NB, Henry J, Forde CG. Effects of aspartame-, monk fruit-, Stevia-, and sucrose-sweetened beverages on postprandial glucose, insulin and energy intake. Int J Obesity. 2017 Mar4;41(3):450-7.
Tey SL, Salleh NB, Henry J, Forde CG. Effects of non-nutritive (artificial vs natural) sweeteners on 24-h glucose profiles. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2017 Sep;71(9):1129-32.


SUCROSE
Provides sufficient fructose to activate GLUT5 translocation, increasing carbohydrate absorption/utilization during exercise. Less gastrointestinal intolerance than pure fructose. Aids exercise recovery. Improves flavor.
Natural Sources Table Sugar, Dates
Forms Alpha-D-Glucopyranosyl Beta-D-Fructofuranoside, Glc:Fru
Supplier The Amalgamated Sugar Company, LLC
Relevant Literature
Massicote D, Peronnet F, Bronsard E, Hillaire-Marcel C. Comparison de l’oxydation de glucose, d’un melange de glucose et de fructose, et de saccharose ingeres en bolus ou en doses fractionnees as cours de l’exercise. Sci Sports. 1996;11(4):233-42.
Murray R, Paul GL, Seifert JG, Eddy DE, Halaby GA. The effects of glucose, fructose, and sucrose ingestion during exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1989 Jun;21(3):275-82.
PubChem. Sucrose. National Center for Biotechnology Information. National Library of Medicine. National Institutes of Health. 2023. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/sucrose
Trommelen J, Fuchs CJ, Beelen M, Lenaerts M, Lenaert K, Jeukendrup AE, Cermak NM, van Loon LJC. Fructose and sucrose intake increase exogenous carbohydrate oxidation during exercise. Nutrients. 2017 Feb20;9(2):167.
Wallis GA, Wittekind A. Is there a specific role for sucrose in sports and exercise performance? Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2013 Dec;23(6):571-83.


THEANINE
Supports the brain and immune system. Balances excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters. Maintains calm, relaxed, but alert, focused mental states. With caffeine, improves attention and focus with less overexcitation. Produces better sleep.
Natural Sources Green Tea Leaves
Forms Suntheanine® L-Theanine
Supplier Taiyo Kagaku Co., Ltd. (Taiyo International) via NutriScience Innovations
Relevant Literature
Gilbert N. The science of tea’s mood-altering magic. Nature. 2019 Feb;566(7742):S8-S9.
Jager R, Purpura M, Geiss K, Barthel T, Schnittker R, Weiss M. Improving mental regeneration after physical exercise. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2008 Sep16;5(Suppl1):P3.
Juskiewicz A, Glapa A, Basta P, Petriczko E, Zolnowski K, Machalinski B, Trzeciak J, Luczkowka K, Skarpanska-Stejnborn A. The effect of L-theanine supplementation on the immune system of athletes exposed to strenuous physical exercise. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2019 Feb15;16(1):7.
Saeed M, Naveed M, Arif M, Kakar MU, Manzoor R, Abd El-Hack ME, Alagawany M, Tiwari R, Khandia R, Munjal A, Katrhik K, Dhama K, Iqbal HMN, Dadar M, Sun C. Green tea (Camellia sinensis) and l-theanine: Medicinal values and beneficial applications in humans – a comprehensive review. Biomed Pharmacother. 2017 Nov;95:1260-75.
Wan X, Zhang Z, Li D. Chemistry and biological properties of theanine, Ch 16 in Tea and Tea Products. Chemistry and Health-Promoting Properties, Ho CT, Lin JK, Shahidi F, Eds., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2009, pp. 255-74.


TRISODIUM CITRATE
Regulates pH, and has emulsifying and stabilizing properties. Increases sodium content without affecting flavor.
Natural Sources Citric Acid
Forms Sodium Citrate Dihydrate
Supplier Jungbunzlauer
Relevant Literature
Gibala MJ, Young ME, Taegtmeyer. Anaplerosis of the citric acid cycle: role in energy metabolism of heart and skeletal muscle. Acta Physiol Scand. 2000 Apr;168(4):657-65.
Greenleaf JE, Looft-Wilson R, Wisherd JL, McKenzie MA, Jensen CD, Whittam JH. Pre-exercise hypervolemia and cycle ergometer endurance in men. Biol Sport. 1997;14(2):103-14.
Oopik V, Saarements I, Medijianen L, Karelson K, Janson T, Timpmann S. Effects of sodium citrate ingestion before exercise on endurance performance in well trained college runners. Br J Sports Med. 2003 Dec;37(6):485-9.
Potteiger JA, Nickel GL, Webster MJ, Haub MD, Palmer RJ. Sodium citrate ingestion enhances 30 km cycling performance. Int J Sports Med. 1996 Jan;17(1):7-11.
PubChem. Sodium citrate (dihydrate). National Library of Medicine, National Center for Biotechnology information, 2023.
100% PERFORMANCE
GUARANTEE
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Winningest Ultra runner in history (44 one-hundred mile Victories, 69 entered)
Rally Professional Cyclist
SUPPLEMENT FACTS
Supplement Facts Serving size: 37g |
Amount Per Serving | %DV* |
Calories | 120 |
|
Calories from fat | 0 |
|
Total fat | 0 g |
0% |
Cholesterol | 0 g |
0% |
Total Carbohydrate (long high branched amylopectin dextrin, short chain maltodextrin, dextrose, sucrose) | 30 g |
11% |
Sugars | 10g |
20% |
Protein | 0 |
** |
EFS Total Electrolyte Blend (Ca, Mg, Cl, Na, K) | 1400mg |
* |
Calcium (as DiCalcium Malate) | 100mg | 8% |
Magnesium (DiMagnesium Malate) | 50mg | 12% |
Chloride (as sodium chloride) | 530mg | 23% |
Sodium (as sodium chloride and citrate) | 500mg | 22% |
Potassium (as di-potassium phosphate) | 220mg | 5% |
L-Glutamine | 2g |
* |
BCAA 2:1:1 (as Leucine, Isoleucine, and Valine) | 250mg |
* |
L-Alanyl-L-Glutamine | 200mg |
* |
L-Theanine (as Suntheanine®) | 50mg |
* |
Gamma Amino Butyric Acid (as PharmaGABA®) | 17mg |
* |
*Daily Value Not Established **Percent Daily Values are based on a 2,000 calorie diet. |