MultiV-PRO 2.0
PROFESSIONAL-GRADE MULTIVITAMIN
MULTIV-PRO is engineered to meet the unparalleled requirements of professional athletes. It targets endurance-related micronutrient gaps and provides performance benefits not found in other multivitamins.
✓ Professional-grade immune system protection
✓ Optimizes gut health
✓ Helps reduce body fat
Huge Improvements
"I used to have serious issues with getting sick, dealing with fatigue, and low iron and ferritin levels. After taking MultiV-PRO, I began to see huge improvements in my recovery and immune system response."
The difference is palpable
"I have more energy and better mental focus during exercise"
Top of its class
"The new MultiV-PRO has more updates to maintain health and improve performance."
Cell functions
Energy-yielding metabolism
Fat metabolismVitamin B1 (Thiamin)
4 mg 333% DV
Converts to thiamin pyrophosphate, critical for five enzymes that convert carbs & BCAAs to muscular energy (ATP).
Natural Sources Whole grains, pork, seafood, fortified grains
Forms Thiamin mononitrate
Supplier Huazhong Pharmaceutical
Relevant Literature
Bates CJ. Thiamine, Ch 8 in Handbook of Vitamins, 4th ed., Zempleni J, Rucker RB, McCormick DB, Suttie JW, Eds., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2007, pp. 253-87.
Goncalves AC, Portari GV. The B-complex vitamins related to energy metabolism and their role in exercise performance: a narrative review. Sci Sports. 2021 Dec;36(6):433-40.
Hrubsa M, Siatka T, Nejmanova I, Voprsalova M, Krcmova LK, Matusova K, Javorska L, Macakova K, Mercolini L, Remiao F, Matus M, Mladenka P, On Behalf of the Oemonom. Biological Properties of Vitamins of the B-Complex, Part 1: Vitamins B1, B2, B3, and B5. Nutrients. 2022 Jan22;14(3):484.
Office of Dietary Supplements. Thiamin. Fact Sheet for Health Care Professionals. National Institutes of Health. 2021 Mar26. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Thiamin-HealthProfessional/
Woolf K, Manore MM. B-vitamins and exercise: does exercise alter requirements? Int J Sports Nutr Exerc Metab. 2006 Oct;16(5):453-84.
exercise performance regularity
gastrointestinal health
regularityAgave Inulin
200 mg (No DV)
Maintains a healthy gastrointestinal tract by encouraging predominance of a pro-exercise microbiome, which improves ventilatory thresholds, lactate accumulation, and lactate thresholds.
Natural Sources Agave roots, asparagus, chicory, Jerusalem artichokes
Forms Inulin powder fructooligosaccharide
Supplier Come Alive Organics Soviia Sweet Inulin Powder™
Relevant Literature
Clark A, Mach N. The crosstalk between the gut microbiota and mitochondria during exercise. Front Phyiol. 2017 May19;8:319.
De Giani A, Sandionigi A, Zampoli J, Michelotti A, Tursi F, Labra M, Di Gennaro P. Effects of inulin-based prebiotics alone or in combination with probiotics on human gut microbiota and markers of immune system: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in healthy subjects. Microorganisms. 2022 Jun20;10(6):1256.
Holscher HD, Doligale JL, Bauer LL, Gourineni V, Pelkman CL, Fahey GC, Swanson KS. Gastrointestinal tolerance and utilization of agave inulin by healthy adults. Food Funct. 2014 Jun;5(6):1142-9.
Hughes RL, Holscher HD. Fueling gut microbes: a review of the interaction between diet, exercise, and the gut microbiota in athletes. Adv Nutr. 2021 Dec1;12(6):2190-215.
Williams CJ, Torquati L, Li Z, Lea RA, Croci I, Keating E, Little JP, Eynon N, Coombes JS. Oligofructose-enriched inulin intake, gut microbiome characteristics, and the VO2 peak response to high-intensity interval training in healthy inactive adults. J Nutr. 2022 Mar3;152(3):680-9.
Energy production
Cell signaling and functionsBiotin
300 mcg 1000% DV
Supports glucose metabolism and insulin signaling. Promotes use of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids for energy production.
Natural Sources Liver, cooked whole eggs, meats, nuts, seeds, sweet potatoes, green leafy vegetables
Forms Biotin
Supplier AIDP
Relevant Literature
Camporeale G, Rodriguez-Melendez R, Zempleni J. Pantothenic Acid and Biotin, Ch 9 in Sports Nutrition. Vitamins and Trace Elements, 2nd ed., Driskell JA, Wolinsky I, Eds., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2006, pp. 123-38.
Mock DM. Biotin, Ch 11 in Handbook of Vitamins, 4th ed., Zempleni J, Rucker RB, McCormick DB, Suttie JW, Eds., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2007, pp. 361-83.
Office of Dietary Supplements. Biotin. Fact Sheet for Health Care Professionals. National Institutes of Health. 2022 Jan10. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Biotin-HealthProfessional/
Woolf K, Manore MM. B-vitamins and exercise: does exercise alter requirements? Int J Sports Nutr Exerc Metab. 2006 Oct;16(5):453-84.
Zempleni J, Mock DM. Marginal biotin deficiency is teratogenic. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 2000 Jan;223(1):14-21.
Eye & Immune Health
Gene Expression RegulationVitamin A (as Beta Carotene)
900 mcg RAE (Retinol Activity Equivalents) 100% DV
Antioxidant activity that does not conflict with exercise recovery. Supports immune functions and temperature regulation in cold conditions. Protects against UV exposure.
Natural Sources Retinol: Liver, fish, eggs, fortified dairy; Beta Carotene: vegetables, fruits, red palm oil
Forms natural Beta Carotene
Supplier Bio-gen Extracts Beta Caro-gen
Relevant Literature
Al Tanoury Z, Piskunov A, Rochette-Egly C. Vitamin A and retinoid signaling: genomic and nongenomic effects. J Lipid Res. 2-13 Jul;54(7):1761-75.
Brancaccio M, Mennitti C, Cesaro A, Fimiani F, Vano M, Gargiulo B, Caiazza M, Amodio F, Coto I, D’Alicandro G, Mazzaccara C, Lombardo B, Pero R, Terracciano D, Limongelli G, Calabro P, D’Argenio V, Frisso G, Scudiero O. The biological role of vitamins in athletes’ muscle, heart and mitochondria. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Jan23;19(3):1249.
Grune T, Lietz G, Palou A, Ross AC, Stahl W, Tang G, Thurnham D, Yin S, Biesalski HK. Beta-carotene is an important vitamin A source for humans. J Nutr. 2010 Dec;140(12):2268S-85S.
Mora JR, Iwata M, von Adrian UH. Vitamin effects on the immune system: vitamins A and D take centre stage. Nat Rev Immunol. 2008 Sep;8(9):685-98.
Office of Dietary Supplements. Vitamin A and Carotenoids. Fact Sheet for Health Care Professionals. National Institutes of Health. 2022 Jun15. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminA-HealthProfessional/
Bone & joint health
Cardiovascular health
Vitamin D potentiationBoron
1 mg (No DV)
Supports bone health, joint health, and energy production pathways. FruiteX-B® is absorbed and retained in the human body better than other Boron sources. Optimizes calcium and magnesium cellular levels.
Natural Sources Local drinking water (in high-boron areas), plant foods (grown in high boron areas), fruits, coffee, milk, beans, potatoes
Forms Fruitex-B® (Calcium Fructoborate)
Supplier VDF FutureCeuticals, Inc
Relevant Literature
Bolanos L, Lukaszewski K, Bonilla I, Blevins D. Why boron? Plant Physiol Biochem. 2004 Dec;42(11):907-12.
Meacham SL, Taper LJ, Volpe SL. Effect of boron supplementation on blood and urinary calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus, and urinary boron in athletic and sedentary women. Am J Clin Nutr. 1995 Feb;61(2):341-5.
Nielsen FH, Eckhert CD, Boron. Adv Nutr. 2020 Mar1;11(2):461-2.
Pietrkowski Z, Hunter J, Evers B, Pond H. Plant borates and potential uses to promote post-training recovery and to mitigate overtraining syndrome, Ch 50 in Nutrition and Enhanced Sports Performance. Muscle Building, Endurance, and Strength, Bagchi D, Nair S, Sen CK., Eds., Academic Press, Amsterdam, 2013, pp. 479-85.
Pizzorno L. Nothing boring about boron. Integr Med (Encinitas). 2015 Aug;14(4):35-48.
Bone Health
Cardiovascular Health
Cell SignalingCalcium
90 mg 7% DV
Drives muscular contraction and prevents muscle cramps. Essential to nervous system functions, cardiovascular functions, and transporting compounds in and out of cells. Critical to ATP production and bone health.
Natural Sources Dairy products (milk, yogurt, cheese), canned sardines & salmon with bones, kale, broccoli, bok choy, fortified fruit juices, cereals & corn tortillas, tofu and dietary supplements
Forms Dicalcium phosphate anhydrous
Supplier Vivion
Relevant Literature
Berchtold MW, Brinkmeier H, Muntener M. Calcium ion in muscle: its crucial role for muscle function, plasticity, and disease. Physiol Rev. 2000 Jul;80(3):1215-65.
Haakonssen EC, Ross ML, Knight EJ, Cato LE, Nana A, Wluka AE, Cicuttini FM, Wang BH, Jenkins DH, Burke LM. The effects of a calcium-rich pre-exercise meal on biomarkers of calcium homeostasis in competitive female cyclists: a randomised crossover trial. PLoS One. 2015 May13;10(5):e0123302.
Kohrt WM, Wherry SJ, Wolfe P, Sherk VD, Wellington T, Swanson CM, Weaver CM, Boxer RS. Maintenance of serum ionized calcium during exercise attenuates parathyroid hormone and bone resorption responses. J Bone Miner Res. 2018 Jul;339&0:1326- 34.
Medelli J, Shabani M, Louana J, Fardellone P, Campion F. Low bone mineral density and calcium intake in elite cyclists. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2009 Mar;49(1):44-53.
Zitterman A, Sabatschus O, Jantzen S, Platen P, Danz A, Stehle P. Evidence for an acute rise of intestinal calcium absorption in response to aerobic exercise. Eur J Nutr. 2002 Oct;41(5):189-96.
Cardiovascular health
Liver health
Muscle healthCholine
110 mg 20% DV
Increases energy and endurance, delays the onset of fatigue. Normalizes mental functions and nerve-muscle connections. Repairs cell membranes damaged by free radicals generated during exercise. Affects every cell’s membranes and DNA. Blood levels drop during long-duration exercise, and deficiency is common, leading to fatty liver and muscle damage.
Natural Sources Liver, eggs, meat, poultry, dairy products, soybeans, potatoes, wheat germ, beans
Forms Choline L-Bitartrate (VitaCholine®)
Supplier Balchem®
Relevant Literature
Buchman AL, Jenden D, Roch M. Plasma free, phospholipid-bound and urinary free choline all decrease during a marathon run and may be associated with impaired performance. J Am Coll Nutr. 1999 Dec;18(6):598-60
Conlay LA, Wurtman RJ, Blusztaijn K, Coviella IL, Maher TJ, Evoniuk GE. Decreased plasma choline concentrations in marathon runners. N Engl J Med. 1986 Oct2;315(14):892.
Garrow TA. Choline, Ch 14 in Handbook of Vitamins, 4th ed., Zempleni J, Rucker RB, McCormick DB, Suttie JW, Eds., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2007, pp. 459-87.
Moretti A, Paoletta M, Liguori S, Bertone M, Toro G, Iolascon G. Choline: an essential nutrient for skeletal muscle. Nutrients. 2020 Jul18;12(7):2144.
Office of Dietary Supplements. Choline. Fact Sheet for Health Care Professionals. National Institutes of Health. 2022 Jun2. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Choline-HealthProfessional/?print=1
Weight management
Carbohydrate, fat, & protein metabolism
Insulin potentiationChromium
400 mcg 1140% DV
Optimizes fat and glucose metabolism for energy, preserving muscle. Supports glucose and amino acid uptake for fuel and recovery by potentiating insulin action. Improves body composition by maintaining lean body mass.
Natural Sources Fruit juices, meat, brewer’s yeast, whole grains
Forms Chromax® Chromium picolinate
Supplier Nutrition 21
Relevant Literature
Anderson RA, Kozlovsky AS. Chromium intake, absorption and excretion of subjects consuming self-selected diets. Am J Clin Nutr. 1985 Jun;41(6):1177-83.
Maynar M, Llerena F, Bartolome I, Alves J, Robles MC, Grijota FJ, Munoz D. Seric concentrations of copper, chromium, manganesum, nickel and selenium in aerobic, anaerobic and mixed professional sportsmen. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2018 Feb13;15:8.
Office of Dietary Supplements. Chromium. Fact Sheet for Health Care Professionals. National Institutes of Health. 2022 Jun2. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Chromium-HealthProfessional/
Otag A, Hazar M, Otag A, Gurkan AC, Okan I. Responses of trace elements to aerobic maximal exercise in elite sportsmen. Glob J Health Sci. 2014 Feb21;6(3):90-6.
Willoughby D, Hewlings S, Kalman D. Body composition changes in weight loss: strategies and supplementation for maintaining lean body mass, a brief review. Nutrients. 2018 Dec3;10(12):1876.
Blood Cell Production
Bone & Connective Tissue Maintenance
Immune SystemCopper
2 mg 222%
Cofactor for enzymes in energy production, antioxidant functions, iron metabolism, neurotransmitter production, and connective tissue synthesis. Supports immune functions, cardiovascular health, and gene expression. Increases endurance capacity.
Natural Sources Liver, oysters, chocolate (unsweetened), potatoes, nuts, seeds, whole grains
Forms Copper Bisglycinate
Supplier Albion® / Balchem®
Relevant Literature
Edgren KK. The effects of an acute bout of strenuous aerobic exercise on plasma, erythrocyte, urinary and dietary values for selected trace minerals. Texas Woman’s University, MSc Thesis, 1996.
Ghosh S, Bera C, Jain M. Impact of beta carotene and antioxidant minerals supplementation in combination on the exercise induced oxidative stress in sedentary females. Eur J Mol Clin Med. 2022;9(3):5216-22.
Office of Dietary Supplements. Selenium. Fact Sheet for Health Care Professionals. National Institutes of Health. 2022 Sep28. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Copper-HealthProfessional/
Petrov L, Alexandrova A, Makaveev R, Penov R, Bonova I, Kolimechkov S. Copper, selenium, zinc, and iron deficiencies in male athletes. J Phys Educ Sport. 2022 Feb;22(2):423-9.
Reeves PG, Johnson WT. Copper, Ch 10 in Sports Nutrition. Vitamins and Trace Elements, 2nd ed., Driskell JA, Wolinsky I, Eds., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2006, pp. 235-52.
Blood cell formation
Cardiovascular health
Gene expression integrity & regulationFolate
400 mcg DFE 100% DV
Generates renewable methyl groups for vascular function, blood cell formation, DNA repair & synthesis, gene expression regulation, and production of many metabolic intermediates including creatine, choline, neurotransmitters, regeneration of methionine from homocysteine, S-adenosyl-methionine (SAMe) and others. Deficiency causes anemia. MultiV-PRO’s 5MTHF bypasses genetically compromised conversion steps. Almost twice as effective as simple folic acid.
Natural Sources Folic Acid – not found naturally in foods, only in enriched/fortified foods and dietary supplements; 5MTHF – Liver, dark leafy greens, fruits, legumes, wheat germ, seafood, eggs
Forms 6S-5-L-Methyltetrahydrofolate, Glucosamine salt (Quatrefolic®)
Supplier Gnosis/Le Saffre
Relevant Literature
Bailey LB. Folic Acid, Ch 12 in Handbook of Vitamins, 4th ed., Zempleni J, Rucker RB, McCormick DB, Suttie JW, Eds., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2007, pp.413-57.
Hoch AZ, Lynch SL, Jurva JW, Schimke JE, Gutterman DD. Folic acid supplementation improves vascular function in amenorrheic runners. Clin J Sport Med. 2010 May;20(3):205-10.
Hoch AZ, Pajewski RG, Schimke JE, Gutterman DD. Possible relationship of folic acid supplementation and improved flow-mediated dilation in premenopausal, eumenorrheic athletic women. J Sports Sci Med. 2009 Mar1;8(1):123-9.
Office of Dietary Supplements. Folate. Fact Sheet for Health Care Professionals. National Institutes of Health. 2022 Nov1. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Folate-HealthProfessional/
Woolf K, Manore MM. B-vitamins and exercise: does exercise alter requirements? Int J Sports Nutr Exerc Metab. 2006 Oct;16(5):453-84.
Antioxidant
Blood circulation
Oxygen UtilizationGinkgo biloba Extract (Ginkgo biloba)(leaves)(24% Ginkgoflavone glycosides, 6% terpenoids)
120 mg (No DV)
Improves VO2 max, altitude adaptation, and antioxidant effects. Supports learning and memory while reducing post-exercise soreness. Enriches nitric oxide levels, expanding bloodflow volume.
Natural Sources Ginkgo tree leaves
Forms Ginkgo biloba extract (24% Ginkgoflavone glycosides, 6% terpenoids)
Supplier Fuller Enterprise USA
Relevant Literature
Atashak S, Bonab RR, Bonab VK. The acute effect of Ginkgo biloba extract on muscle soreness markers and C-Reactive Protein (CRP) after high intensity interval training (HIIT) in active girls. Sport Physiol Manag Invest. 2020;13(2):125-38.
Jezova D, Duncko R, Lassanova M, Kriska M, Moncek F. Reduction of rise in blood pressure and cortisol release during stress by Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) in healthy volunteers. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2002 Sep;53(3):337-48.
Moraga FA, Flores A, Serra J, Esnaola C, Barriento C. Ginkgo biloba decreases mountain sickness in people ascending to high altitude at Ollague (3696 m) in northern Chile. Wilderness Environ Med. 2007 Winter;18(4):251-7.
Sadowska-Hrepa E, Klapcinska B, Pokora I, Domaszewski P, Kempa K, Podgorski T. Effects of six-week Ginkgo biloba supplementation on aerobic performance, blood pro/antioxidant balance, and serum Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in physically active men. Nutrients. 2017 Juk26;9(8):803.
Tsai TY, Wang SH, Lee YK, Su YC. Ginkgo biloba extract for prevention of acute mountain sickness: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ Open. 2018 Aug17;8(8):e022005.
Antioxidant
Immune support
Fat burning for ketone formationGreen Tea Extract
200 mg (No DV)
Increases BCAA conversion into energy pathways. Performs multiple antioxidant roles with recovery-promoting effects and supports the immune system. Helps your liver produce ketone bodies from fat (fatty acids) – a normal occurrence during endurance exercise, sparing carb usage.
Natural Sources Green tea & extracts
Forms Green tea extract (Camelia sinensis)(leaves)(decaffeinated)(60% polyphenols)
Supplier PureGreen Fuller Enterprise USA
Relevant Literature
Kim J, Park J, Lim K. Nutrition supplements to stimulate lipolysis: a review in relation to endurance exercise capacity. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2016;62(3):141-61.
Lin SP, Li CY, Suzuki K, Chang CK, Chou KM, Fang SH. Green tea consumption after intense taekwondo training enhances salivary defense factors and antibacterial capacity. PLoS ONE 2014 Jan30;9(1):e87580.
Miccheli A, Marini F, Capuani G, Miccheli AT, Delfini M, Di Cocco ME, Puccetti C, Paci M, Rizzo M, Spataro A. The influence of a sports drink on the postexercise metabolism of elite athletes as investigated by NMR-based metabolomic. J Am Coll Nutr. 2009 Oct;28(5):553-64.
Roberts J, Roberts MG, Tarpey MD, Weekes JC, Thomas CH. The effect of a decaffeinated green tea extract formula on fat oxidation, body composition and exercise performance. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2015 Jan21;12(1):1.
Willems M. Can you enhance exercise-induced fat oxidation with green tea drinking? AgroFOOD Industry Hi Tech. 2019 Jul/Aug;29(4):18-9.
Immune support
Mood
Exercise RecoveryBeta Glucan
200 mg (No DV)
Immune support; Improved mood; URTS reduction
Natural Sources Mushrooms and yeasts
Forms Immulink MBG(r) Organic Reishi (Ganoderma lucidum) Mycelial Fermentation Extract
Supplier Super Beta Glucan
Relevant Literature
Chen SN, Nan FH, Liu MW, Yang MF, Chang YC, Chen S. Evaluation of immune modulation by Beta-1,3;1,6 D- Glucan derived from Ganoderma lucidum in healthy adult volunteers. Foods. 2023;12:659.
Henao SLD, Urrego SA, Cano AM, Higuita EA. Randomized clinical trial for the evaluation of immune modulation by yogurt enriched with beta-glucans from Lingzhi or Reishi medicinal mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum (Agaricomycetes), in children from Medellin, Colombia. Int J Med Mushrooms. 2018;20(8):705-16.
Immulink MBG. Beta-1,3;1,6 D-Glucan derived from Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi Mushroom). White Paper. Super Beta Glucan, Inc. USA., 2016, pp.1-20.
Swallah MS, Bondzie-Quaye P, Wu Y, Acheampong A, Sossah FL, Elsherbiny SM, Huang Q. Therapeutic potential and nutritional significance of Ganoderma lucidum – a comprehensive review from 2010 to 2022. Food Funct. 2023 Feb21;14(4):1812-38.
Vlassopoulou M, Yannakouila M, Pletsa V, Zervakis GI, Kyriacou A. Effects of fungal beta-glucans on health – a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Food Function. 2021 Apr26;12(8):3366-80.
metabolic functions
Energy Metabolism
Oxygen UtilizationIodine
150 mcg 100% DV
Essential component of active thyroid hormones and prohormones, supporting energy production, oxygen utilization, protein synthesis, and enzymatic activities.
Natural Sources Iodized salt, seafood, eggs, liver, iodate dough conditioners
Forms Potassium iodide
Supplier Nutrisol
Relevant Literature
Babic Leko M, Gunjaca I, Pleic N, Zemunik T. Environmental factors affecting thyroid-stimulating hormone and thyroid hormone levels. Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Jun17;22(12):6521.
Office of Dietary Supplements. Iodine. Fact Sheet for Health Care Professionals. National Institutes of Health. 2022 Apr28. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Iodine-HealthProfessional/?print=1
Rogerson D. Vegan diets: practical advice for athletes and exercisers. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2017 Sep13;14:36.
Smyth PP, Duntas LH. Iodine uptake and loss – can frequent strenuous exercise induce iodine deficiency? Horm Metab Res. 2005 Sep;37(9):555-8.
Thomson CD. Iodine, Ch 17 in Sports Nutrition. Vitamins and Trace Elements, 2nd ed., Driskell JA, Wolinsky I, Eds., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2006, pp.253-65.
Blood Cell Production
ATP Production
Oxygen UtilizationIron
27 mg (150% DV)
Iron is the most important mineral for exercise performance, critical for hemoglobin, myoglobin and oxygen delivery to muscles and brain during exercise. Iron status is deficient in 70% of endurance athletes, slowing ATP production and performance. MultiV-PRO’s highly bioavailable source addresses deficiencies without risk of toxicity.
Natural Sources Liver, lean meat, seafood, beans, tofu, legumes, spinach, potatoes, nuts
Forms Ferrochel® Ferrous bisglycinate
Supplier Albion® / Balchem®
Relevant Literature
Alaunyte I, Stojceska V, Plunkett A. Iron and the female athlete: a review of dietary treatment methods for improving iron status and performance. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2015 Oct6;12:38.
Bonilla DA, Moreno Y, Petro JL, Forero DA, Vargas-Molina S, Odriozola-Martinez A, Orozco CA, Stout JR, Rawson ES, Kreider RB. A bioinformatics-assisted review on iron metabolism and immune system to identify potential biomarkers of exercise stress-induced immunosuppression. Biomedicines. 2022 Mar21;10(3):724. [215 references]
DiSilvestro RA, Hart S, Marshall T, Joseph T, Reau A, Swain CB, Diehl J. Enhanced aerobic exercise performance in women by a combination of three mineral chelates plus two conditionally essential nutrients. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2017 Nov13;14:42.
Hinton PS. Iron and the endurance athlete. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2014 Sep;39(9):1012-8.
Office of Dietary Supplements. Iron. Fact Sheet for Health Care Professionals. National Institutes of Health. 2022 Apr5. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Iron-HealthProfessional/
Anti-stress
Exercise Recovery
MoodLevagen®+ with Lipsperse®
300 mg (No DV)
Promotes 'Runner's High,' coordinates anti-stress & metabolic processes for exercise recovery, immune support, normalized mood and sleet.
Natural Sources Egg yolks, soybeans, peanuts
Forms Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) with Lipisperse® (polyglycerol polyricinoleate, fractionated coconut oil, citrus oil, olive oil, sunflower lecithin and Vitamin E acetate)
Supplier Gencor Pacific
Relevant Literature
Briskey D, Mallard AR, Rao A. Increased absorption of palmitoylethanolamide using a novel dispersion technology system (Lipisperse®). J Nutraceuticals Food Sci. 2020;5(2-3):1-6.
Briskey D, Roche G, Rao A. The effect of dispersible palmitoylethanolamide (Levagen®+) compared to a placebo for reducing joint pain in an adult population – a randomised, double-blind study. Int J Nutr Food Sci. 2021;10(1):9-13.
Mallard A, Briskey D, Richards A, Mills D, Rao A. The effect of orally dosed Levagen+™ (palmitoylethanolamide) on exercise recovery in healthy males – a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Nutrients. 2020 Feb25;12(3):596.
Rao A, Ebelt P, Mallard A, Briskey D. Palmitoylethanolamide for sleep disturbance. A double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled interventional study. Sleep Sci Pract. 2021;5(1):12.
Tantimonaco M, Ceci R, Sabatini S, Catani MV, Rossi A, Gasperi V, Maccarrone M. Physical activity and the endocannabinoid system: an overview. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2014 Jul;71(14):2681-98.
Endurance Performance
Energy Production
Cramp PreventionMagnesium
100 mg 24% DV
Improves endurance performance and energy production and stabilizes ATP. Magnesium supplementation can prevent cramps, fatigue, blood vessel spasms, heartbeat irregularities, mood changes, weakness, and nausea. Cofactor for over 300 enzyme systems.
Natural Sources Nuts, seeds, green leafy vegetables, whole grains, beans, potatoes
Forms Dimagnesium malate
Supplier Albion® / Balchem®
Relevant Literature
Bohl CH, Volpe SL. Magnesium and exercise. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2002;42(6):533-63.
Dmitrasinovic G, Pesic V, Stanic D, Plecas-Solarovic B, Dajak M, Ignjatovic S. ACTH, cortisol and IL-6 levels in athletes following magnesium supplementation. J Med Biochem. 2016 Nov2;35(4):275-84.
Laries MJ, Monteiro CP, Matias CN, Santos DA, Silva AM, Nicho M. Magnesium status and exercise performance in athletes. Trace Elem Electrolytes. 2014;31(1):13-20.
Stendig-Lindberg G, Shapiro Y, Tepperberg M, Moran D. Not only strenuous but also sustained moderate physical effort causes magnesium deficiency. Trace Elem Electrolytes. 1999;16(3):156-61.
Volpe SL. Magnesium and the athlete. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2015 Jul-Aug;14(4):279-83.
Amino acid metabolism
Bone & joint health
Energy metabolismManganese
1.15 mg 50% DV
The main mineral cofactor for enzymes that make glycosaminoglycans for bone, cartilage, and connective tissue growth/repair. Involved in glucose and fat energy production.
Natural Sources Whole grains, tea, coffee, vegetables, seafood, legumes, black pepper
Forms Manganese gluconate dihydrate
Supplier Nutrisol
Relevant Literature
Ghosh S, Bera C, Jain M. Impact of beta carotene and antioxidant minerals supplementation in combination on the exercise induced oxidative stress in sedentary females. Eur J Mol Clin Med. 2022;9(3):5216-22.
Office of Dietary Supplements. Manganese. Fact Sheet for Health Care Professionals. National Institutes of Health. 2021 Mar29. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Manganese-HealthProfessional/?print=1
Nielsen FH. Boron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon and Vanadium, Ch 20 in in Sports Nutrition. Vitamins and Trace Elements, 2nd ed., Driskell JA, Wolinsky I, Eds., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2006, pp. 287-320.
Papadopoulou SK, Mantzorou M, Kondyli-Sarika F, Alexandropoulou I, Papathanasiou J, Voulgaridou G, Nikolaidis PT. The key role of nutritional elements on sport rehabilitation and the effects of nutrients intake. Sports (Basel). 2022 May26;10(6):84.
Potter SM, Kies CV, Rojhani A. Protein and fat utilization by humans as affected by calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate, and manganese gluconate supplements. Nutrition. 1990 Jul-Aug;6(4):309-12.
Prevents sulfite sensitivityMolybdenum
45 mcg 100% DV
Manages waste byproducts of ATP degradation linked to high fructose intakes. Helps the body process certain foods, like dried fruits, during exercise.
Natural Sources Black-eyed peas, liver, lima beans, dairy
Forms Sodium molybdate
Supplier Noah Technologies
Relevant Literature
Maynar M, Bartolome I, Alves J, Barrientos G, Grijota FJ, Robles MC, Munoz D. Influence of a 6-month physical training program on serum and urinary concentrations of trace metals in middle distance elite runners. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2019 Nov14;16(1):53.
Maynar M, Grijota FJ, Siquier-Coll J, Bartolome I, Robles MC, Munoz D. Erythrocyte concentrations of chromium, copper, manganese, molybdenum, selenium and zinc in subjects with different physical training levels. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2020 Apr1;17(1):1–9.
Maynar M, Munoz D, Alves J, Barrientos G, Grijota FJ, Robles MC, Llerena F. Influence of an acute exercise until exhaustion on serum and urinary concentrations of molybdenum, selenium, and zinc in athletes. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2018 Dec;186(2):361-9.
Nielsen FH. Boron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon and Vanadium, Ch 20 in in Sports Nutrition. Vitamins and Trace Elements, 2nd ed., Driskell JA, Wolinsky I, Eds., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2006, pp. 287-320.
Office of Dietary Supplements. Molybdenum. Fact Sheet for Health Care Professionals. National Institutes of Health. 2021 Mar30. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Molybdenum-HealthProfessional/
Immune system support
Exercise performance improvements
Energy metabolism maintenanceMultivitamin-Mineral Combination
4 tablets daily
Prevents deficiencies of essential micronutrients, any of which can degrade exercise performance and recovery. Enables other nutrients (carbohydrates, amino acids, etc.) to provide maximal usefulness for maximal exercise performance and recovery.
Natural Sources Your dietary intake from foods, MultiV-PRO, dietary supplements
Forms All of the above
Supplier First Endurance
Relevant Literature
Cavas L, Tarhan L. Effects of vitamin-mineral supplementation on cardiac marker and radical scavenging enzymes, and MDA levels in young swimmers. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2004 Apr;14(2):133-46.
Colgan M, Fiedler S, Colgan LA. Micronutrient status of endurance athletes affects hematology and performance. J Appl Nutr. 1991;43(1):16-30.
Dodd FL, Kennedy DO, Stevenson EJ, Veasey RC, Walker K, Reed S, Jackson PA, Haskell-Ramsay CF. Acute and chronic effects of vitamin/mineral supplementation on objective and subjective energy measures. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2020 Feb24;17:16.
Machefer G, Groussard C, Vincent S, Zouhal H, Faure H, Cillard J, Radak Z, Gratas-Delamarche A. Multivitamin-mineral supplementation prevents lipid peroxidation during “the Marathon des Sables”. J Am Coll Nutr. 2007 Apr;26(2):111-20.
Wardenaar F, Brinkmans N, Ceelen I, Van Rooij B, Mensink M, Witkamp R, De Vries J. Micronutrient intakes in 553 Dutch elite and sub-elite athletes: prevalence of low and high intakes in users and non-users of nutritional supplements. Nutrients. 2017 Feb15;9(2):142.
Weight LM, Myburgh KH, Noakes TD. Vitamin and mineral supplementation: effect on the running performance of trained athletes. Am J Clin Nutr. 1988 Feb;47(2):192-5.
Relevant Literature: Reviews on Multiple Nutrients in MultiV-PRO
Bermon S, Castell LM, Calder PC, Bishop NC, Blomstrand E, Mooren FC, Kruger K, Kavazis AN, Quindry JC, Senchina DS, Nieman DC, Gleeson M, Pyne DB, Kitic CM, Close GL, Larson-Meyer DE, Marcos A, Meydani SN, Wu D, Walsh NP, Nagatomi R. Consensus statement immunonutrition and exercise. Exerc Immunol Rev. 2017;23:8-50. [433 references.]
Gleeson M. Immunological aspects of sport nutrition. Immunol Cell Biol. 2016 Feb;94(2):117-23. [60 references]
Gombart AF, Pierre A, Maggini S. A review of micronutrients and the immune system – working in harmony to reduce the risk of infection. Nutrients. 2020 Jan16;12(1):236. [231 references]
Kerksick CM, Wilborn CD, Roberts MD, Smith-Ryan A, Kleiner SM, Jager R, Collins R, Cooke M, Davis JN, Galvan E, Greenwood M, Lowery LM, Wildman R, Antonio J, Kreider RB. ISSN exercise & sports review update: research & recommendations. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2018 Aug1;15(1):38. [735 references]
Maughan RJ, Burke LM, Dvorak J, Larson-Meyer DE, Peeling P, Phillips SM, Rawson ES, Walsh NP, Garthe I, Geyer H, Meeusen R, van Loon L, Shirreffs SM, Spriet LL, Stuart M, Vernec A, Currell K, Ali VM, Budgett RGM, Ljungqvist A, Mountjoy M, Pitsiladis Y, Soligard T, Erdener U, Engebretsen L. IOC Consensus Statement: dietary supplements and the high-performance athlete. Br J Sports Med. 2018 Apr;52(7):439-55. [173 references]
Walsh NP. Nutrition and athlete immune health: new perspectives on an old paradigm. Sports Med. 2019 Dec;49(Suppl 2):153-68. [162 references]
Energy Metabolism
Lipid (Fat) Metabolism
Red blood cell productionPantothenic Acid
20 mg 400% DV
Helps push carbs, fats, and proteins into energy production pathways, supporting metabolic processes – especially for fatty acids.
Natural Sources Liver, fortified breakfast cereals, mushrooms, meats, vegetables
Forms Calcium D-pantothenate
Supplier Xinfa Pharmaceuticals
Relevant Literature
Camporeale G, Rodriguez-Melendez R, Zempleni J. Pantothenic Acid and Biotin, Ch 9 in Sports Nutrition. Vitamins and Trace Elements, 2nd ed., Driskell JA, Wolinsky I, Eds., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2006, pp. 123-38.
Hrubsa M, Siatka T, Nejmanova I, Voprsalova M, Krcmova LK, Matusova K, Javorska L, Macakova K, Mercolini L, Remiao F, Matus M, Mladenka P, On Behalf of the Oemonom. Biological Properties of Vitamins of the B-Complex, Part 1: Vitamins B1, B2, B3, and B5. Nutrients. 2022 Jan22;14(3):484.
Lewis GD, Farrell L, Wood MJ, Martinovic M, Arany Z, Rowe GC, Souza A, Cheng S, McCabe EL, Yang E, Shi X, Deo R, Roth FP, Asnani A, Rhee EP, systrom DM, Semigran MJ, Vasan RS, Carr SA, Wang TJ, Sabatine MS, Clish CB, Gerszten RE. Metabolic signatures of exercise in human plasma. Sci Transl Med. 2010 May26;2(33):33ra37.
Mikkelsen K, Apostolopoulos V. Vitamin B1, B2, B3, B5, and B6 and the immune system, Ch 7 in Nutrition and Immunity, Mahmoudi M, Rezaei N, Eds., Springer Nature, Cham, Switzerland, 2019, pp.115-25.
Woolf K, Manore MM. B-vitamins and exercise: does exercise alter requirements? Int J Sports Nutr Exerc Metab. 2006 Oct;16(5):453-84.
Antioxidant actions
Immune support
Thyroid functionSelenium
55 mcg 100% DV
Reduces oxidative damage without impeding recovery. Critical for immune function, thyroid function, and overall energy levels. MultiV-PRO now uses the biologically active form of selenium.
Natural Sources Nuts, fish, liver, eggs, meat, poultry, whole grains
Forms L-Selenomethionine
Supplier Nutrisol
Relevant Literature
Heffernan SM, Horner K, De Vito G, Conway GE. The role of mineral and trace element supplementation in exercise and athletic performance: a systematic review. Nutrients. 2019 Mar24;11(3):696.
Maynar M, Munoz D, Alves J, Barrientos G, Grijota FJ, Robles MC, Llerena F. Influence of an acute exercise until exhaustion on serum and urinary concentrations of molybdenum, selenium, and zinc in athletes. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2018 Dec;186(2):361-9.
Office of Dietary Supplements. Selenium. Fact Sheet for Health Care Professionals. National Institutes of Health. 2022 Sep28. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Selenium-HealthProfessional/
Palazzetti S, Rousseau AS, Richard MJ, Favier A, Margaritas I. Antioxidant supplementation preserves antioxidant response in physical training and low antioxidant intake. Br J Nutr. 2004 Jan;91(1):91-100.
Zamora AJ, Tessier F, Marconnet P, Margartas I, Marini JF. Mitochondria changes in human muscle after prolonged exercise, endurance training and selenium supplementation. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1995;71(6):505-11.
AntioxidantSpectra® Total ORAC5 Blend
100 mg (No DV)
Clinically tested antioxidant functions at a dose that does not interfere with training adaptation or recovery.
Natural Sources See Forms
Forms Blend of 29 fruit, vegetable & herb concentrated extracts: Coffea arabica Extract, Green Tea Extract, Broccoli Sprout Concentrate, Onion Extract, Apple Extract, Quercetin, Tomato Concentrate, Broccoli Concentrate, Camu Camu Concentrate, Maltodextrin, Acerola Extract, Acai Concentrate, Turmeric Concentrate, Garlic Concentrate, Basil Concentrate, Oregano Concentrate, Cinnamon Concentrate, Carrot Concentrate, Elderberry Concentrate, Mangosteen Concentrate, Blackcurrant Extract, Blueberry Extract, Sweet Cherry Concentrate, Raspberry Concentrate, Spinach Concentrate, Chokeberry Concentrate, Kale Concentrate, Blackberry Concentrate, Silicon Dioxide, Bilberry Extract, Brussels Sprout Concentrate.
Supplier VDF Futureceuticals
Relevant Literature
Devrim-Lanpir A, Bikgic P, Kocahan T, Deliceoglu G, Rosemann T, Knechtle B. Total dietary antioxidant intake including polyphenol content: is it capable to fight against increased oxidants within the body of ultra-endurance athletes? Nutrients. 2020 Jun23;12(6):E1877.
Nemzer BV, Fink N, Fink B. New insights on effects of a dietary supplement on oxidative and nitrosative stress in humans. Food Sci Nutr. 2014 Nov;2(6):828-39.
Nemzer B, Chang T, Xie Z, Pietrowski Z, Reyes T, Ou B. Decrease of free radical concentrations in humans following consumption of a high antioxidant capacity natural product. Food Sci Nutr. 2014 Nov;2(6):647-54.
Scheer V, Tiller NB, Doutreleau S, Khodaee M, Knechtle B, Pasternak A, Rojas-Valverde D. Potential long-term health problems associated with ultra-endurance running: a narrative review. Sports Med. 2022 Apr;52(4):725-40.
Schneider CD, Bock PM, Becker GF, Moreira JCF, Bello-Klein A, Oliveira AR. Comparison of the effect of two antioxidant diets on oxidative stress markers in triathletes. Biol Sport. 2018 Jun;35(2):181-9.
Energy-yielding metabolism
Fat metabolism
Niacin & B6 productionVitamin B2 (Riboflavin)
5 mg 385% DV
Precursor to two important coenzymes – flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine nucleotide (FAD). Helps transform energy from carbs, fats, and BCAAs to muscular energy (ATP) production.
Natural Sources Liver, dairy, fortified grains, meats, almonds
Forms Riboflavin
Supplier Scientific Living
Relevant Literature
Goncalves AC, Portari GV. The B-complex vitamins related to energy metabolism and their role in exercise performance: a narrative review. Sci Sports. 2021 Dec;36(6):433-40.
Hrubsa M, Siatka T, Nejmanova I, Voprsalova M, Krcmova LK, Matusova K, Javorska L, Macakova K, Mercolini L, Remiao F, Matus M, Mladenka P, On Behalf of the Oemonom. Biological Properties of Vitamins of the B-Complex, Part 1: Vitamins B1, B2, B3, and B5. Nutrients. 2022 Jan22;14(3):484.
Office of Dietary Supplements. Riboflavin. Fact Sheet for Health Care Professionals. National Institutes of Health. 2022 May11. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Riboflavin-HealthProfessional/
Rivlin RS. Riboflavin (Vitamin B2), Ch 7 in Handbook of Vitamins, 4th ed., Zempleni J, Rucker RB, McCormick DB, Suttie JW, Eds., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2007, pp. 233-51.
Woolf K, Manore MM. B-vitamins and exercise: does exercise alter requirements? Int J Sports Nutr Exerc Metab. 2006 Oct;16(5):453-84.
Cardiovascular health
ATP production
MetabolismVitamin B3 (Niacin as Niacinamide)
20 mg NE 125% DV
Required for over 400 energy-producing enzymes. Helps convert carbs, fats, and amino acids to energy. Supports synthesis of fat-soluble compounds and antioxidant functions. Low levels are associated with fatigue and mental lethargy.
Natural Sources Animal-based foods, nuts, legumes, whole grains
Forms Niacinamide (Nicotinamide)
Supplier Charles Bowman
Relevant Literature
Goncalves AC, Portari GV. The B-complex vitamins related to energy metabolism and their role in exercise performance: a narrarie review. Sci Sports. 2021 Dec;36(6):433-40.
Hrubsa M, Siatka T, Nejmanova I, Voprsalova M, Krcmova LK, Matusova K, Javorska L, Macakova K, Mercolini L, Remiao F, Matus M, Mladenka P, On Behalf of the Oemonom. Biological Properties of Vitamins of the B-Complex, Part 1: Vitamins B1, B2, B3, and B5. Nutrients. 2022 Jan22;14(3):484.
Kirkland JB. Niacin, Ch 6 in Handbook of Vitamins, 4th ed., Zempleni J, Rucker RB, McCormick DB, Suttie JW, Eds., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2007, pp.191-231.
Office of Dietary Supplements. Niacin. Fact Sheet for Health Care Professionals. National Institutes of Health. 2022 Aug23. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Niacin-HealthProfessional/
Woolf K, Manore MM. B-vitamins and exercise: does exercise alter requirements? Int J Sports Nutr Exerc Metab. 2006 Oct;16(5):453-84.
Blood cell production
Brain function
Energy productionVitamin B6
4 mg 235% DV
A series of closely-related compounds. Coenzymes for over 100 reactions, mostly involved with protein and amino acid metabolism. Converts amino acids into energy via gluconeogenesis. Vital for glycogenolysis, supplying glucose for exercise performance, and important for blood cell and hemoglobin production.
Natural Sources Liver, meat, seafood, chickpeas, potatoes, fruits
Forms Pyridoxine hydrochloride
Supplier DSM
Relevant Literature
Brancaccio M, Mennitti C, Cesaro A, Fimiani F, Vano M, Gargiulo B, Caiazza M, Amodio F, Coto I, D’Alicandro G, Mazzaccara C, Lombardo B, Pero R, Terracciano D, Limongelli G, Calabro P, D’Argenio V, Frisso G, Scudiero O. The biological role of vitamins in athletes’ muscle, heart and mitochondria. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Jan23;19(3):1249.
Dakshinamurti S, Dakshinamurti K. Vitamin B6, Ch 10 in Handbook of Vitamins, 4th ed., Zempleni J, Rucker RB, McCormick DB, Suttie JW, Eds., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2007, pp.315-59.
Hansen CM, Manore MM. Vitamin B6, Ch 6 in Sports Nutrition. Vitamins and Trace Elements, 2nd ed., Driskell JA, Wolinsky I, Eds., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2006, pp. 81-91.
Office of Dietary Supplements. Vitamin B6. Fact Sheet for Health Care Professionals. National Institutes of Health. 2022 Jun2. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminB6-HealthProfessional/
Woolf K, Manore MM. B-vitamins and exercise: does exercise alter requirements? Int J Sports Nutr Exerc Metab. 2006 Oct;16(5):453-84.
Blood cell production
ATP production
Cardiovascular healthVitamin B12
30 mcg 1250% DV
Increases energy levels and improves oxygen delivery. Necessary for the production of red blood cells, which carry oxygen to the muscles.
Natural Sources Liver, dairy, eggs, fortified cereals
Forms Methylcobalamin
Supplier APP Global
Relevant Literature
Green R, Miller JW. Vitamin B12, Ch 13 in Handbook of Vitamins, 4th ed., Zempleni J, Rucker RB, McCormick DB, Suttie JW, Eds., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2007, pp.385-411.
McMartin KE. Vitamin B12, Ch 8 in Sports Nutrition. Vitamins and Trace Elements, 2nd ed., Driskell JA, Wolinsky I, Eds., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2006, pp. 111-21.
Office of Dietary Supplements. Vitamin B12. Fact Sheet for Health Care Professionals. National Institutes of Health. 2022 Nov1. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminB12-HealthProfessional/?print=1
Rizzo G, Lagana AS, Rapisarda AMC, La Ferrera GMG, Buscema M, Rossetti P, Nigro A, Muscia V, Valenti G, Sapia F, Sarpieto G, Zigarelli M, Vitale SG. Vitamin B12 among vegetarians: status, assessment and supplementation. Nutrients. 2016 Nov29;8(12):767.
Woolf K, Manore MM. B-vitamins and exercise: does exercise alter requirements? Int J Sports Nutr Exerc Metab. 2006 Oct;16(5):453-84.
Antioxidant Protection
Connective Tissue (Collagen) Support
Immune SystemVitamin C
120 mg 133% DV
A powerful water-soluble antioxidant, reduces free radicals and biomarkers of damage from intense aerobic exercise and air pollution. Improves blood viscosity, moderates post-exercise cortisol & IL6, and promotes wound healing. Supports immune functions.
Natural Sources Fresh fruits & vegetables
Forms Ascorbic Acid
Supplier Westco
Relevant Literature
Brancaccio M, Mennitti C, Cesaro A, Fimiani F, Vano M, Gargiulo B, Caiazza M, Amodio F, Coto I, D’Alicandro G, Mazzaccara C, Lombardo B, Pero R, Terracciano D, Limongelli G, Calabro P, D’Argenio V, Frisso G, Scudiero O. The biological role of vitamins in athletes’ muscle, heart and mitochondria. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Jan23;19(3):1249.
Hemila H, Chalker E. Bias against vitamin C in mainstream medicine: examples from trials of vitamin C for infections. Life (Basel). 2022 Jan3;12(1):62.
Maughan RJ, Burke LM, Dvorak J, Larson-Meyer DE, Peeling P, Phillips SM Raawson ES, Walsh NP, Garthe I, Geyer H, Meeusen R, van Loon LJC, Shirreffs SM, Spriet LL, Stuart M, Vernec A, Currell K, Ali VM, Budgett RG, Ljungqvist A, Mountjoy M, Pitsiladis YP, Soligard T, Erdener U, Engebretsen L. IOC consensus statement: dietary supplements and the high-performance athlete. Br J Sports Med. 2018 Apr;52(7):439-55.
Office of Dietary Supplements. Vitamin C. Fact Sheet for Health Care Professionals. National Institutes of Health. 2021 Mar26. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminC-HealthProfessional/
Righi NC, Schuch FB, De Nardi AT, Pippi CM, Righi GA, Puntel GO, da Silva AMV, Signori LU. Effects of vitamin C on oxidative stress, inflammation, muscle soreness, and strength following acute exercise: meta-analyses of randomized clinical trials. Eur J Nutr. 2020 Oct;59(7):2827-39.
Bone Health
Calcium/Magnesium metabolism
Immune systemVitamin D
100 mcg 500% DV (4000 IU)
A series of secosteroid molecules that controls calcium & magnesium functions, often deficient in athletes. Improves immune function, exercise recovery, lung function, mood, muscle strength and vascular functions. Reduces upper respiratory tract symptoms and bone stress fractures after long-duration, intense exercise.
Natural Sources Fish liver oil, oily fish, meat, eggs, mushrooms, fortified dairy.
Forms Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol).
Supplier Fuller Enterprise USA Inc.
Relevant Literature
Crescioli C. Vitamin D, exercise, and immune health in athletes: a narrative review. Front Immunol. 2022 Sep23;13:954994.
Harju T, Gray B, Mavroedi A, Farooq A, Reilly JJ. Prevalence and novel risk factors for vitamin D insufficiency in elite athletes: systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Nutr. 2022 Dec;61(8):3857-71.
Krokosz D, Lippowski M, Ashenbrenner P, Ratkowski W. Personality traits and vitamin D3 supplementation affect mood state 12 h before 100 km ultramarathon run. Front Psychol. 2018 Jun29;9:980.
Office of Dietary Supplements. Vitamin D. Fact Sheet for Health Care Professionals. National Institutes of Health. 2022 Aug12.
Yoon S, Kwon O, Kim J. Vitamin D in athletes: focus on physical performance and musculoskeletal injuries. Phys Act Nutr. 2021 Jun;25(2):20-5.
Antioxidant
Cardiovascular health
Musculoskeletal integrityVitamin E
30 mg 200% DV
A series of closely related, fat-soluble compounds. Potent antioxidants for fats, especially cell membranes. Improved anaerobic threshold and altitude performance. Reduced muscle damage from aerobic exercise without inhibiting exercise recovery. MultiV uses the natural form instead of common, less potent synthetics.
Natural Sources Wheat germ oil, nuts, seeds, vegetable oils, green leafy vegetables
Forms Natural Mixed Tocopherols (d-alpha, d-beta, d-gamma, d-delta tocopherols) with modified food starch & silicon dioxide
Supplier ADM Decanox
Relevant Literature
Brancaccio M, Mennitti C, Cesaro A, Fimiani F, Vano M, Gargiulo B, Caiazza M, Amodio F, Coto I, D’Alicandro G, Mazzaccara C, Lombardo B, Pero R, Terracciano D, Limongelli G, Calabro P, D’Argenio V, Frisso G, Scudiero O. The biological role of vitamins in athletes’ muscle, heart and mitochondria. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Jan23;19(3):1249.
Clifford T, Jeffries O, Stevenson EJ, Davies KAB. The effects of vitamins C and E on exercise-induced physiological adaptation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2020;60(21):3669-79.
Office of Dietary Supplements. Vitamin E. Fact Sheet for Health Care Professionals. National Institutes of Health. 2021 Mar26.
Schneider CD, Bock PM, Becker GF, Moreira JCF, Bello-Klein A, Oliveira AR. Comparison of two antioxidant diets on oxidative stress markers in triathletes. Biol Sport. 2018 Jun;35(2):181-9.
Schulpis KH, Moukas M, Parthimos T, Tsakiris T, Parthimos N, Tsakiris S. The effect of alpha-tocopherol supplementation on training-induced elevation of S100B protein in sera of basketball players. Clin Bioch. 2007 Aug;40(12):900-6.
Blood clotting
Bone & joint health
Cardiovascular healthVitamin K
75 mcg as Vitamin K1 + 45 mcg as Vitamin K2 MK7 (100% DV when added together)
Activates proteins that bind and transport calcium for specific uses, ensuring proper blood clotting, pliable blood vessel structure, and bone & joint health. Increases maximal heart output, reduces muscle cramps, supports muscle mass, and plays a backup role in metabolic energy production.
Natural Sources K1: Green leafy vegetables; K2 MK7: Nattō, dietary supplements, gut microbiome
Forms K1 (Phylloquinone), K2 MK7 (Menaquinone-7)
Supplier K1: CellMark, K2 MK7: Kappa BioSciences K2VITAL® Delta
Relevant Literature
Brancaccio M, Mennitti C, Cesaro A, Fimiani F, Vano M, Gargiulo B, Caiazza M, Amodio F, Coto I, D’Alicandro G, Mazzaccara C, Lombardo B, Pero R, Terracciano D, Limongelli G, Calabro P, D’Argenio V, Frisso G, Scudiero O. The biological role of vitamins in athletes’ muscle, heart and mitochondria. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Jan23;19(3):1249.
McFarlin BK, Henning AL, Venable AS. Oral consumption of vitamin K2 for 8 weeks associated with increased maximal cardiac output during exercise. Altern Ther Health Med. 2017 Jul;23(4):26-32.
Mehta DS, Vaidya RA, Dound YA, Nabar NS, Pandey SN, Vaidya ADB. Therapeutic activity and safety of vitamin K2-7 in muscle cramps: an interventional case-series. The Indian Pract. 2010 May;63(5):287-91.
Vermeer C. Vitamin K: the effect on health beyond coagulation – an overview. Food Nutr Res. 2012;56:5329.
CO2 removal
Immune function
Protein synthesisZinc
15 mg 135%
Involved in basic metabolism and immune functions. Affects antioxidant activity, protein synthesis, gene expression, DNA integrity, RNA structure, removal of CO2 from exercising muscle (carbonic anhydrase), energy production, cell growth and repair, and healing.
Natural Sources Meat, seafood, fish
Forms Zinc bisglycinate
Supplier Albion® / Balchem®
Relevant Literature
Chu A, Holdaway C, Varma T, Petocz P, Samman S. Lower serum zinc concentration despite higher dietary zinc intake in athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2018 Feb;48(2):327-36.
Dias SS, Weber MG, Padoin S, Andrello AC, Jussiani EI, de Paula Ramos S. Circulating concentration of chemical elements during exercise-induced muscle damage and the repeated bout effect. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2022 Mar;200(3):1060-70.
Hernandez-Camacho JD, Vicente-Garica C, Parsons DS, Navas-Enamorado I. Zinc at the crossroads of exercise and proteolysis. Redox Biol. 2020 Aug;35:101529. [184 references]
Kilic M. Effect of fatiguing bicycle exercise on thyroid hormone and testosterone levels in sedentary males supplemented with oral zinc. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2007 Oct;28(5):681-5.
Office of Dietary Supplements. Zinc. Fact Sheet for Health Care Professionals. National Institutes of Health. 2022 Sep28. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Zinc-HealthProfessional/?print=1
11x Xterra Triathlon Champion
SUPPLEMENT FACTS
Use directions: Take 4 tablets daily with a meal. 30 servings per container |
||
| Amount Per Serving | %DV | |
Vitamin A (100% as Beta Carotene) |
900 mcg RAE | 100% |
Vitamin C (as Ascorbic Acid) |
120 mg | 133% |
Vitamin D (as Cholecalciferol) |
100mcg (4000 IU) | 500% |
Vitamin E (as Alpha Tocopherol from Mixed Tocopherols) |
30 mg | 200% |
Vitamin K (as Phylloquinone and Menaquinone MK-7) |
120 mcg | 100% |
Vitamin B1 (asThiamin Mononitrate) |
4 mg | 330% |
Vitamin B2 (as Riboflavin) |
5 mg | 385% |
Niacin (as Niacinamide) |
20 mg NE | 125% |
Vitamin B6 (as Pyridoxine Hydrochloride) |
4 mg | 235% |
Folate (as 5-L-Methyltetrahydrofolate, Glucosamine Salt) (Quatrefolic®) |
400 mcg DFE | 100% |
Vitamin B12 (as Methylcobalamin) |
30 mcg | 1250% |
Biotin |
300 mcg | 1000% |
Pantothenic Acid (as d-Calcium Pantothenate) |
20 mg | 400% |
Choline (as Choline-L-Bitartrate)(VitaCholine®) |
110 mg | 20% |
Calcium (as Dicalcium Phosphate) |
90 mg | 7% |
Iron (as Ferrous Bisglycinate)(Ferrochel®) |
27 mg | 150% |
Iodine (as Potassium Iodide) |
150 mcg | 100% |
Magnesium (as Dimagnesium Malate) |
100 mg | 24% |
Zinc (as Bisglycinate) |
15 mg | 135% |
Selenium (as L-Selenomethionine) |
55 mcg | 100% |
Copper (as Bisglycinate) |
2 mg | 222% |
Manganese (as Gluconate) |
1.15 mg | 50% |
Chromium (as Chromium Picolinate)(Chromax®) |
400 mcg | 1143% |
Molybdenum (as Sodium Molybdate) |
45 mcg | 100% |
Levagen®+(Palmitoylethanolamide with LipiSperse®) |
300 mg | * |
Immulink MBG® Organic Reishi Extract (Ganoderma lucidum) (Min. 70% 1,3/1,6 Beta D-Glucan) |
200 mg | * |
Agave Inulin |
200 mg | * |
Green Tea Extract (Camellia sinensis) (leaf) (60% polyphenols) (decaffeinated) |
200 mg | * |
Spectra®Total ORAC5 Blend |
100 mg | * |
Ginkgo Extract (Ginkgo biloba) (leaf) (24% Ginkgoflavone glycosides, 6% terpene lactones) |
120 mg | * |
Boron (as FruteX-B® Calcium Fructoborate) |
1 mg | * |
* Daily Value Not Established
Other Ingredients: Microcrystalline Cellulose, Croscarmellose Sodium, Stearic Acid, Magnesium Stearate, HPMC (Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose), Silica.
